International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry
Submit Paper Now! International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry (IJSRCH) is peer-reviewed, online international journal published Bimonthly by M. G. Science Institute, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. IJSRCH is a highly-selective journal, covering topics that appeal to a broad readership of various branches of Chemistry, Chemical Sciences and related fields. The Journal has many benefits all geared toward strengthening research skills and advancing academic careers. Journal publications are a vital part of academic career advancement. To maintain a high-quality journal, manuscripts that appear in the IJSRCH Articles section have been subjected to a rigorous review process. This includes blind reviews by one or more members of the international editorial review board, followed by a detailed review by the IJSRCH editors. Email addresses for submitting articles are editorijsrch@gmail.com, editor@ijsrch.com JOURNAL INFORMATION Title : International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry Frequency : Bimonthly E-ISSN : 2456-8457 Publisher : M. G. Science Institute, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Refereed : Peer Review Copyright : Technoscience Academy, India Starting Year : 2016 Subject : Chemistry and Chemical Sciences Language : English Distribution : Open Access Publication Format : PDF & HTML -> Online Document Identifier Type : DOI (https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRCH ) Email Id : editor@ijsrch.com, editorijsrch@gmail.com Mobile No. : +91-8160745806 (WhatsApp support only) Website : https://ijsrch.com
Department of Chemistry, M. G. Science Institute, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Transition Metal Complexes of an Adamantane-Containing Schiff Base Ligand: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Bioactivity
Novel adamantane-based Schiff base ligands, (E)-N′-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)adamantane-1-carbohydrazides, and their Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), and Ce(III) complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV–Vis, NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and magnetic measurements. Spectral data confirmed bidentate coordination through phenolic oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The ligand and its metal complexes were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities, showing enhanced biological activity upon metal coordination compared to the free ligand. The results demonstrate the potential of adamantane-based metal complexes as multifunctional candidates for medicinal and materials chemistry applications.
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Synthesis Charachterization (Thermogravimetric Analysis) Of Glass Reinforcement Materials (Non-Conducting Materials)
REINFORSEMENT MATIRIALS: - Poly (urethane-imide) s (PUIs) was prepared by the by the intermolecular Diels-Alder (DA) Reaction of Hexamethylene bis (2-Furanylmethythioethyl carbamate) (HMFTC) with various bismaleimides. The DA reaction was carried out in 1, 4 dioxane as a solved as well as in bulk, followed by aromatization of tetrahydro phthalimide intermediates in the presence of acetic anhydride. All the polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectral studies and thermogravimetry. The PUIs exhibit moderate thermal stability. HMFTC and bismaleimides were polymerized (at 145 + 10 0C) by DA intermolecular reaction into moderately thermally stable PUIs glass-fibre composite (i.e. laminates) and were characterized by their chemical resistance and mechanical properties.
The Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Reactive Dyes Based On 4,4’-Methylene Bis-5-Nitro-O-Toluidine On Silk, Wool and Cotton Fibres
Ten hot-brand bisazo reactive dyes were synthesized via coupling of tetrazotised 4,4’-methylene bis-5-nitro-o-toluidine with a series of cyanurated coupling components. The structures and purity of the dyes were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Dyeing performance was assessed on silk, wool, and cotton, with percentage dye bath exhaustion values indicating good uptake across all fibres. The dyed materials exhibited moderate to very good fastness to light, washing, and rubbing, demonstrating the potential of these bisazo reactive dyes for application in natural fibre coloration.
From Fallen Leaves to Soil Nourishment: Microbial Conversion of Dry Leaves into Organic Fertilizer
Dry leaves are generated in large quantities in residential areas, roadsides, parks, agricultural lands, and public spaces, and are often treated as waste. Improper disposal practices, including open burning of dry leaves, contribute to air pollution, smoke generation, and loss of valuable organic resources that could otherwise enhance soil fertility. Sustainable utilization of this biodegradable waste is therefore essential for effective waste management and environmental protection. The aim of the present study is to develop an eco-friendly organic fertilizer from dry leaves through bio-logical treatment and microbial activation. The objectives include the collection and processing of dry leaves, enrichment with organic additives such as cow dung, Neem leaf powder, and Moringa (drumstick) leaf powder as a natural source of calcium, maintenance of a balanced nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) composition, and enhancement of beneficial microbial activity to accelerate decomposition and improve nutrient availability. The prepared fertilizer is intended for soil application to support plant growth, restore soil nutrients, and reduce envi-ronmental pollution associated with dry leaf disposal. The results indicate that microbial treatment significantly improves the decomposition rate of dry leaves and enhances organic matter content and nutrient release. Application of the fertilizer improves soil struc-ture, microbial activity, and overall soil fertility while reducing dry leaf waste and associated pollution. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly ap-proach to converting dry leaf waste into a valuable organic fertilizer, promoting waste recycling, pollution control, and sustainable soil and ecosystem management.
Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Resmetirom
The present paper describes the development and validation of a simple, precise, and stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the quantitative estimation of Resmetirom in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer in an optimized ratio under isocratic conditions. The flow rate, detection wavelength, and injection volume were systematically optimized to provide sharp, symmetrical peaks with adequate resolution. Resmetirom exhibited a retention time that ensured effective separation from degradation products and excipients. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linearity was observed over a suitable concentration range with a correlation coefficient (R²) greater than 0.999, demonstrating excellent proportionality between peak area and analyte concentration.
Bioorthogonal Chemistry as an Innovative Synthetic Tool
Bioorthogonal chemistry is a unique technique that allows chemical reactions to occur inside living systems, such as cells and organisms, without disturbing their natural biological processes. This paper focuses on SPAAC (Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition), which is a metal-free click reaction. Previously, Click Chemistry required a Copper (Cu) catalyst to work. However, copper is toxic to living cells, making it unsafe for use in humans or animals. SPAAC solved this problem by removing the need for copper. Instead, it uses the concept of 'Ring Strain.' While normal alkynes are straight, SPAAC uses a bent ring called Cyclooctyne. The bond angle in this ring is forced to bend, creating stored energy. This 'strain' energy forces the reaction to happen automatically and quickly with Azides. Because it is safe for living things (biocompatible), SPAAC is widely used today for Live Cell Imaging to visualize sugars on cancer cells and for Targeted Drug Delivery to activate drugs specifically at tumor sites.
An Epidemiological and Public Health Study on Dental Caries Caused by Fluoride: A Review
Fluoride is recognized globally for its dual role in oral health preventing dental caries at optimal levels while causing dental and skeletal fluorosis when consumed in excess. In several regions of India, particularly tribal and rural belts, naturally high fluoride concentrations in groundwater pose significant public health challenges. Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, predominantly inhabited by tribal populations, is one such fluoride-endemic area. The present review critically synthesizes epidemiological evidence on fluoride exposure, dental caries, and dental fluorosis in Bastar and comparable regions. It explores groundwater fluoride contamination, oral health status, socioeconomic vulnerability, dietary patterns, and community awareness, highlighting the paradoxical coexistence of dental caries and fluorosis. The review also discusses public health implications and preventive strategies relevant to fluoride-affected tribal regions.
Status and Effects of Discharged Abattoir Effluent on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Soils in Obinze, Imo State Nigeria
This study was carried out to determine the extent of contamination of soil bodies by effluents discharged from abattoirs in Obinze, Imo State Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m and 250 m from effluent discharge points. Physicochemical and heavy metal analyses were conducted using standard methods. Results obtained showed that the physicochemical properties of the soil samples were affected by the abattoir effluent. The temperature of the samples ranged from 26.10 °C to 26.73°C pH values ranged between 6.71 and 7.21. The mean values of nitrate, phosphate and sulphate levels in the soil ranged between 4.14 to 4.50; 1.55 to 1.76; and 26.00 to 27.33 mg/L which values fell within the WHO limits. pH values were within ranges of 5.56-8.04. The control soil had the lowest concentration of nickel and the results varied significantly from each other with the values slightly above the WHO limits. Mean values of Chromium, Zinc, Copper and Lead were significantly higher at the contaminated sites compared to the control with the values all below the WHO limits. This study demonstrates that abattoir waste water impacts on Obinze soil quality. The abattoir effluent did not meet the WHO standard for effluent discharge into the environment. This therefore, calls for the need to put an effective waste water treatment and monitoring system in place to enforce existing legislation to curb soil pollution and to safeguard both the environment and human health.
Influence of Pentachlorobiphenol on the Haematology of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
The influence of pentachlorobiphenol, a polychlorinated biphenyl prevalent in the environment on the haematology of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles has been studied from the onset of exposure of pentachlor concentrations of T1 0.073 mg/l, T2 0.036 mg/l, T3 0.024 mg/l, T4 0.018 mg/l and control T5 to 21 days. The haematological changes that occurred on the juvenile samples of C. gariepinus were observed. One hundred and fifty juvenile samples of length 2 -3 cm and average weight of 10 – 15 g were used for the study. 12 troughs, each containing seven samples of C. gariepinus served as test samples while 4 troughs of equal number of C. gariepinus served as control. Within the period of exposure the haematological parameters revealed significant decrease in the values of RBC, PCV and Hb (p˂ 0.05) as the dose of the pentachlor increased with the lowest value at T4 0.4 mg/l whereas the control T5 showed higher values indicating the presence of toxins. This was revealed by the significant increase in the value of WBC as the doses of the PCB increased indicating immune response.
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Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Screening of Some Newly Synthesized Glycosides Derivatives
Glycosides are naturally occurring compounds comprising an organic aglycone linked to one or more sugar moieties. They are widely distributed in medicinal plants and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities, including cardiotonic, purgative, analgesic, antiarrhythmic, and demulcent effects. In this study, a series of novel glycosidic dithiazolidine derivatives were synthesized, namely 4-Phenyl-5-o-chlorophenylimino-3-S-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucosyl-1,2,4-dithiazolidine (a), 4-Phenyl-5-m-chlorophenylimino-3-S-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucosyl-1,2,4-dithiazolidine (b), 4-Phenyl-5-o-methoxyphenylimino-3-S-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucosyl-1,2,4-dithiazolidine (c), and 4-Phenyl-5-m-methoxyphenylimino-3-S-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucosyl-1,2,4-dithiazolidine (d). The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococci, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Preliminary screening indicated that some derivatives exhibited notable inhibitory effects, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. These findings suggest that the synthesized glycosidic dithiazolidine analogs possess potential as antimicrobial agents, combining structural versatility with pharmacological relevance.
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, Biological Screening and Antioxidant Studies of Substituted 1, 3-Diketones with Their Transition Metal (II) Complexes
Three series of 1, 3-diones 4(LA- LC) and their transition metal (II) complexes 5LA (a-e), 5LB (a-e) and 5LC (a-e) have been synthesized, spectroscopically characterized and their in vitro efficacies were evaluated. Bidentate ligands were derived from substituted aromatic acids and substituted orthohydroxy acetophenone under ultrasound irradiation methods at low temperature. The simple substitution reactions between the metal nitrate and ligands yielded the titled complexes. However, in situ procedure gives high yield with formation of single products as evident by TLC. Elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR , Massspectra, UV-Vis., magnetic susceptibility and conductance measurements were done to characterize the ligands and their metal complexes [where, M= Mn (II), Fe (III), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) ]. All the evidences suggested that the complexes have octahedral geometry. The stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:2 (metal: ligand). The conductivity data show that the complexes are non-electrolyte in nature. The antioxidants activity of the ligands and their metal (II) complexes have been carried out using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and found to be most effective. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the ligands and their complexes have been carried out and on the basis the molecular docking studyagainst the peptide deformylase of the most effective complexes has been reported.
Synthesis of a Tri-nuclear Ruthenium Complex via Alkyne Insertion into the Ru-C Bond
This investigation delves into the creation, responsiveness, and biological effects of a tri nuclear ruthenium complex formed through the integration of alkynes into the Ru-C bond. Employing a one-pot reaction, we successfully synthesized the complex and employed diverse spectroscopic techniques for its characterization. We probed ruthenium reactivity through interactions with varied substrates, encompassing alkynes and dienes, resulting in the formation of diverse products.
Biological Activity of a Tri-nuclear Ruthenium Complex via Alkyne Insertion into the Ru-C Bond
This investigation delves into the creation, responsiveness, and biological effects of a tri nuclear ruthenium complex formed through the integration of alkynes into the Ru-C bond. Employing a one-pot reaction. The findings indicate that the complex demonstrates notable biological effects, suggesting its potential as a promising candidate for further development as a chemotherapeutic agent. Overall, this research underscores the versatility and biological efficacy of ruthenium complexes.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Fungal Exertion 2-Chloroquinoline-Thazolidinedione Derivatives
A variety of new compounds have been integrated into the structural framework of (5Z)-5-[(2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1yl)quinoline-3-yl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione. The synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione was accomplished by means of the condensation of 2-chloroquinoline, which later functioned as a pivotal reagent in the reaction with 3-carbaldehydes, resulting in the production of 2,4-thiazolidinedione. Chemical identification was achieved by using elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Additionally, the synthesized compounds were subjected to in vitro testing to assess their antifungal activity against a range of pathogens, such as A. niger, C. albicans.
Development of Eco-friendly Iron Nanoparticles Biosensors Synthesized from Guiera senegalensis Stem-bark Extract for Biomolecule Detection
The development of eco-friendly nanomaterials for biomedical applications has gained significant attention in recent years. In this study, iron (Fe) monometallic nanoparticles were synthesized using Guiera senegalensis stem extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The green synthesis approach provides a sustainable and non-toxic alternative to conventional chemical methods, while also enhancing nanoparticle stability and biocompatibility. The structural and morphological features of the biosynthesized Fe nanoparticles were characterized using standard analytical techniques. These nanoparticles were further employed in the fabrication of a biosensor for the detection of biomolecules, with glucose serving as a model analyte. The Fe-based biosensor demonstrated high sensitivity, good selectivity, and a rapid response time toward glucose detection, highlighting its potential for biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This work underscores the promise of G. senegalensis-mediated Fe nanoparticles as a cost-effective and sustainable platform for next-generation biosensing applications.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Antibacterial Investigation of Co(II), Fe(III), and Mn(II) Complexes with Schiff Base Ligand Derived from Substituted Aminopyrimidine
The new Schiff base ligand has been synthesized by the condensation of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine and 3,5 dichlorosalicylaldehyde. Metal complexes of the Schiff base were prepared by the reaction of the Schiff base and Iron nitrate in ethanol solution. The complexes isolated, washed and dried. The Schiff base is pale yellow, while Co(II), Fe(III), and Mn(II) complexes is light yellow.The synthesized compounds have been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and UV-Vis techniques for the ligands and FT-IR, UV-Vis, all reactions monitored by TLC, molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements for the corresponding complexes.The complexe is paramagnetic. The results of the molar conductivity measurements indicated that all complexes are non-electrolytes in (DMSO). An octahedral geometry for all the complexes of. The ligands are bidentate, (L) through phenolic (OH) and azomethine nitrogen. The ligand and its complexes were screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium moneliforme, Aspergllus flavus and Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis. The result indicated that the complexes exhibited good antifungal and antibacterial activities.
Multivariate Data Analysis for the Discrimination of Ions in Instant Coffee Samples
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, being an integral part of culture, economy, and daily life. Soluble coffee stands out for its practicality and wide acceptance in the market. Its chemical composition can vary according to the origin of the beans, processing, and storage conditions, directly affecting its quality and authenticity. In this context, the determination and discrimination of ions in soluble coffee samples are relevant strategies for quality control and detection of possible adulterations. In this study, five brands of soluble coffee marketed in Vitória da Conquista, Brazil, were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) for the quantification of K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺. Multivariate data analysis, using principal component analysis (PCA), was applied to explore the ionic profiles. Two principal components explained 75.86% of the total variance. PC1 (48.23%) was dominated by K⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺, while PC2 (27.63%) was mainly influenced by NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺. Score plots revealed two distinct groups of soluble coffee samples, reflecting heterogeneity in ionic composition and highlighting differences among manufacturers. The results demonstrate that IC combined with exploratory data analysis is effective for the discrimination of soluble coffee samples, contributing to quality monitoring, authenticity verification, and food safety.
Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Malachite Green Dye Removal: Emulsion Stability Studies and Environmental Impact
Extraction of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions was investigated under varying experimental conditions using emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs). The study systematically explored the effects of key process variables and emulsion composition parameters on the dye transport efficiency into the ELMs. The membrane phase comprised kerosene as the diluent, with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) employed as the carrier, SPAN 80 as the surfactant, and an internal phase of 0.5–2.0 M H2SO4 as the stripping agent. Emulsions were characterized for their internal droplet size distribution, viscosity, and interfacial tension with the external feed phase. Optimal removal of malachite green was achieved using an emulsion system containing 1.0 M H2SO4 as the internal phase (Cio), 8% v/v D2EHPA as the carrier (Cc), and 2.5% wt. SPAN 80 as the surfactant (Cs), with the feed phase maintained at pH 4.0. The emulsions were dispersed at 180 rpm with an emulsion-to-feed phase ratio yielding a holdup (h) of 12.8%. In addition to extraction efficiency, the study conducted comprehensive stability assessments, including swelling behavior over time. Stability was found to be strongly influenced by surfactant concentration and internal phase osmotic pressure. The optimized ELM formulation demonstrated minimal swelling and maintained structural integrity over extended operation, ensuring effective dye extraction and reusability potential.
Recent Advances in Nano-Catalysis: Implications for Green Chemistry
Nano-catalysis represents one of the most promising advancements in the field of green chemistry, combining cutting-edge nanotechnology with catalytic processes to address sustainability challenges in various industries. As global concerns about climate change, energy consumption, and resource depletion continue to grow, the need for more efficient and depletion friendly chemical processes has never been more urgent. Nano-catalysts, due to their unique size, surface characteristics, and tunable properties, have demonstrated enhanced performance compared to traditional catalysts in numerous green chemistry applications. “This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in nano-catalysis, with a focus on its applications in the reduction of CO2, hydrogen production via water splitting, and the conversion of biomass into biofuels. These applications are particularly significant in the context of achieving a circular carbon economy and transitioning to sustainable energy sources. Metal nanoparticles, carbon-based materials such as graphene, and hybrid nanomaterials have been identified as highly effective in promoting key reactions, offering a pathway for a more efficient and depletion conscious chemical industry. Despite the promising potential, several challenges remain in the large-scale application of nano-catalysts. These challenges include issues related to catalyst stability under harsh reaction conditions, catalyst deactivation, scalability, and the high cost of production. Additionally, concerns regarding the environmental impact and toxicity of nanoparticles need to be addressed to ensure the safety and sustainability of these technologies. This review will explore the recent literature on the design, synthesis, and applications of nano-catalysts, assess the state-of-the-art technologies, and offer a forward-looking perspective on the future of nano-catalysis in green chemistry. By synthesizing current findings and identifying gaps in research, this paper aims to highlight the critical role nano-catalysis will play in shaping the future of sustainable chemistry and the energy transition.,,
A Simplified Approach to α-Ketothiocyanates, Thiocyanatoindoles and Chalcones Using Lithium Chloride
A novel and highly efficient synthetic methodology have been established for the preparation of α-ketothiocyanates, thiocyanatoindoles and Chalcone derivatives. The method employs Lithium chloride in suitable solvent as a catalyst system, which demonstrated its high catalytic activity by affording α-ketothiocyanates, thiocyanatoindoles and Chalcone derivatives with high yields, reaction rates were found to be satisfactory. This methodology is distinguished by its ability to produce highly functionalized chalcones and to perform regioselective thiocyanation of structurally diverse ketones and Indoles.
Cupper Acetyl Acetone Catalyzed Synthesis of 1, 3, 5-Triaryl-2-Pyrazolines Derivatives from Chalcone
Heterocyclic compounds represents an important class of biologically active molecules specifically, those containing the pyrazolone nucleus have been shown to posses high biological activities such as tranquillizing, muscle relaxant, psycho analeptic, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, antidepressant activities. Despite their potential utility, some of the methods described have disadvantages such as long reaction times, time-consuming product, isolation procedures and environmental problems. In this method, we have reported the synthesis of pyrazoline derivatives using series of substituted chalcones by condensation with phenyl hydrazine and copper acetyl acetonate as a catalyst using ethanol as solvent.
Studies on Physiochemical Property of Cow Milk: A Case Study of Dehradun City (Uttarakhand)
Milk is a dilute emulsion consisting of an oil/fat dispersed phase and an aqueous colloidal continuous phase. The physical properties of milk are similar to those of water but are modified by the presence of various solutes (proteins, lactose and salts) in the continuous phase and by the degree of dispersion of the emulsified and colloidal components. Dehradun is generally safe from any type of milk adulteration however with growing demand of cow milk recommend to ensure the continued compliance with quality standard. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of cow milk produced and marketed in Dehradun City, Uttarakhand. A total of 04 samples of raw cow milk were collected randomly from selected dairy farms from four study sites in the Dehradun City. The principal physiochemical properties of milk include its density, pH, surface tension, viscosity, electrical conductivity and presence of urea, phosphate, sulfate and calcium. The analysis focus on these properties. The obtained results showed that there were significant differences in calcium, urea, pH and surface tension observed in temperature 28°C), between dairy farms milk samples, respectively. The most physicochemical quality of the examined milk sample of site A and B were within the acceptable levels while that of site D was best except milk samples from site C the value electrical conductivity and urea in milk samples were high i.e. 81 mg/100ml (calculated) compare to 14-28 mg/100ml (standard value) implying poor milk quality and can be a sign of animal health issues or adulteration while the value for viscosity and calcium is low i.e. 1.391 cP/cm (standard value 1.5-2.5 cP/cm) and 86 mg/100ml (standard value 120-150 mg/100ml) which imply decreased quality and nutritional or metabolic issues. While the milk quality of site C was very poor and needed to be avoided. Therefore, this suggests the need for improved hygienic practice and educating the public on safety issues to minimize risk of food borne illnesses and maintain product integrity.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity studies of Chromium (III) complexes of a Schiff Base Ligand
Schiff bases are an important class of organic compounds, which have a wide range of application in the field of analysis, biology and inorganic chemistry[1]. Some of these compounds are used as catalysts in polymer[2] [3] and dyes[4]. Schiff base transition Metal complexes have been used as biological models. Manganese, Cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc are important metal elements with biological activity when combined with certain proteins, participating in oxygen transport, electron transfer reactions or ion storage[5]. Schiff bases are excellent biological active compounds due to the presence of N, O or S as hetero atoms prepared by the condensation reaction of carbonye compound (aldehyde or ketone) with a primary amine. Schiff bases found to possess several biological as well as pharmacological activities[6-8].
2-aminothiazole/2- amino-6-methyl pyridine
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Dynamic Study of Oxadiazole Containing Some Novel Schiff Bases
Microbial resistance remains a significant risk and a prominent cause of death worldwide, although massive attempts were made to control infections. In an effort to develop biologically active antimicrobial agents in present study we have reported design, synthesis & biological evaluation and molecular dynamic study of oxadiazole containing novel Schiff bases. In order to increase biological activity and improve drug-likeness, oxadiazole moieties were purposefully added to Schiff base frameworks using bioisosteric replacement principle .The 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole moiety were used to design near about 100 derivatives, online tool FAFDrug4 were used to evaluate the drug-likeness screening. Molecular docking study was performed for their possible inhibitory action on microrgsnism using the PyRx software. The final Schiff base derivatives were obtained by condensation with different aromatic aldehydes with oxadiazole moiety by using zinc chloride as a catalyst the synthesis was performed by microwave irradiation.the present practical yield of obtained Schiff bases are ranging form 70-80%. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the synthesized oxadiazole-based Schiff bases was evaluated against selected microbial strains..the top ten Schiff base have exacellaent antifungal activity and moderate antibacterial activity. the Schiff bases VKG-30 and VKG-70 demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity .Furthermore molecular dynamics simulations were also conducted to assess the stability and behavior of ligand-receptor complexes for that VKG-70 schiff bases and dhn protein was used. The integration of synthetic chemistry with computational tools provides valuable insight into the structure-activity relationships of these novel oxadiazole-Schiff base hybrids, offering promising leads for future drug development.
2-aminothiazole/2 - amino-6-methyl pyridine
Synthesis and Characterization of 2-Phenyl-4h-Benzo [D] [3, 1]-Oxazin-4-One with Complexes of Hg (II) and Sn (II) Ions
A ligand PHBO (2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d][3,1]-oxazin-4-one) is synthesized from the condensation of anthranilic acid, benzoyl chloride and acetic anhydride. A new PHBO complexes derived from 2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d] [3,1]-oxazin-4-one with Hg (II) and Sn (II) ions. The prepared metal chelates was characterized by IR, NMR, TGA-DTA, XRD, Elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. The PHBO ligand and their metal chelates have been tested for their antimicrobial activity using Broth Dilution Method and the results were discussed.
PHBO (2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d] [3,1]-oxazin-4-one)
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analysis of S-Triazine-Linked Pyrazolone Derivatives
Pyrazolone is 5-membered heterocycle containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. It can be viewed as a derivative of pyrazole possessing an additional carbonyl (C=O) group. Compounds containing this functional group are useful commercially in analgesics and dyes. Its play’s important role in drug discovery. Pyrazoles and pyrazolines present a wide range of biological activities. In the present study describe synthesis of various pyrazolones by reaction of N-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) acetamide with cyanuric chloride followed by reflux under ethanol using various aromatic aldehyde in the presence of alkali. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, IR, MASS spectroscopic techniques.
A Novel and Efficient Synthetic Route to (±)-Serinolamide A via Aziridine Ring Opening and Amide Coupling
(±)-Serinolamide A, a serinol-derived fatty acid amide, plays an important role in cannabinoid receptor modulation. While existing synthetic approaches rely on direct amidation or enzymatic coupling, we present a new, efficient and modular synthetic route utilizing selective aziridine ring opening followed by amide bond formation with fatty acid chloride. This method offers enhanced regioselectivity, scalability, and adaptability to structural analogs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amardeep Ramprasad Jadhao, Adinath Devidas Badar, Pramod Shahajee Phatak, Kiran Fulchand Shelke, Jyotipal Jaiprakash Khadse, Nikhil Bhikaji Umbarkar, Santosh Babanrao Gaikwad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative Anti-inflammatory Approaches in Chronic Liver Disease and Fibrosis
Chronic liver disease and fibrosis are significant health burdens worldwide, driven by persistent inflammation that exacerbates liver damage and impairs function. Traditional anti-inflammatory treatments, including corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and antiviral therapies, have limitations such as side effects, limited efficacy, and the risk of resistance. This review explores innovative approaches to managing liver inflammation and fibrosis, focusing on biological therapies, gene therapy and RNA-based treatments, natural compounds and dietary interventions, and microbiome modulation. Biologics like monoclonal antibodies and cytokine inhibitors offer targeted reduction of inflammation, while gene editing technologies and RNA interference present precise molecular interventions. Natural compounds and dietary changes provide holistic benefits, and microbiome modulation reveals the potential of gut-liver interactions in treatment strategies. The future of chronic liver disease management lies in these novel therapies, promising enhanced efficacy, reduced side effects, and personalized treatment plans. Advancing these innovations from research to clinical practice is essential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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New Strategies for Manipulating Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cancer Therapy
Mitochondrial dynamics, encompassing fission, fusion, biogenesis, and mitophagy, play critical roles in cancer cell survival and proliferation. Targeting these processes has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Current approaches, including mitochondrial-targeted drugs and inhibitors of key regulatory proteins, have shown potential but face limitations such as off-target effects and resistance. Emerging strategies involve innovative techniques like mitochondrial uncouplers, modulation of calcium homeostasis, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. Future research aims to develop more selective inhibitors, explore the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and cellular processes, and enhance targeted delivery systems. These advancements hold significant clinical implications, offering more effective and less toxic cancer treatments, improving the efficacy of existing therapies' efficacy, and enabling personalized approaches. Continued exploration of these strategies promises to advance cancer therapy and improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tolulope Bolarinwa, Opeoluwa Oluwanifemi Akomolafe, Irene Sagay-Omonogor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0